Scientists at Stanford are believed to be the first to have discovered a biomarker that can predict who will be most susceptible to influenza.
Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have found a way to predict whether someone exposed to the flu virus is likely to become ill.
Purvesh Khatri, PhD, associate professor of medicine and of biomedical data science, and his team used a computational approach to pinpoint a blood-based genetic biomarker to determine an individual’s susceptibility to the disease.
“We’ve been after this for about four years,” Khatri said. “To our knowledge, it’s the first biomarker that shows susceptibility to influenza, across multiple strains.”
The biomarker is a gene called KLRD1, and it essentially acts as a proxy for the presence of a special type of immune cell that may be a key to stamping out nascent flu infection. Put simply: the more of this cell type found in a person’s blood, the lower their flu susceptibility. The research even hints at new avenues for pursuing a broadly applicable flu vaccine.
A paper describing the work will be published online June 14 in Genome Medicine. Khatri is the senior author. Graduate student Erika Bongen is the lead author.
The secret’s in the cell type
At the start of their study, Khatri and his group ran gene expression analyses that sifted through the collection of human genes, looking for a sign that one might be particularly important for fighting off the flu. But the sheer number of genes in a small number of samples overshadowed any potential signal, so Khatri turned to a different approach that repurposed immune cell data collected from more than 150 studies that monitored gene expression in the immune cells of more than 6,000 samples.
“The idea was, instead of looking at 20,000 variables [or genes], let’s bring it down to 20 ¾ let’s only look at 20 immune cell types and see if any of these shows a consistent pattern in regard to H1N1 or H3N2 flu infection, and then we’ll look at genes that are related to that cell type only,” Khatri said. “And that turned out to be the answer.”
Using a computational approach developed in his lab, Khatri and his team parsed the identity and proportion of cells present in participants of two studies — one conducted at Harvard University, the other at Duke University — comprising a total of 52 individuals who volunteered to sniff up live influenza in the name of science. The researchers were looking only at types of immune cells present in each individual just before they were infected with the flu.
“We found that a type of immune cell called a natural killer cell was consistently low at baseline in individuals who got infected,” Bongen said. Those who had a higher proportion of natural killer cells had better immune defenses and fought off illness.
“So we asked, ‘What are the genes that represent natural killer cells?’ And there turned out to be this one gene, KLRD1, that seemed to be a good target,” Bongen said.
Old data, new tricks
KLRD1, when expressed, manifests as a receptor on the surface of natural killer cells. KLRD1 is basically a counting chip. When the score was tallied, Khatri saw that, on the whole, those whose immune cells consisted of 10-13 percent natural killers did not succumb to the flu, whereas those whose natural killer cells fell short of 10 percent wound up ill. It’s a fine line, Khatri said, but the distinction between the groups is quite clear: Everyone who had 10 percent or more natural killer cells stood strong against the infection and showed no symptoms.
Khatri said his findings could help health professionals understand who’s at the highest risk for flu infection. “If, for example, there’s a flu epidemic going on, and Tamiflu supplies are limited, this data could help identify who should be prophylactically treated first,” Khatri said.
Khatri emphasizes that for now, the link between KLRD1 levels and influenza susceptibility is only an association. The next step, he said, is to find the mechanism.
“It will be crucial to understand the role of natural killer cells’ protection so that we can potentially leverage that in designing better flu vaccines,” he said. “Since we see that natural killer cells are protective across different strains, maybe that would be a path to a universal flu vaccine.”
More broadly, Khatri said that this research exemplifies the power of “data repurposing.”
“Our work shows how you can use data that exists from previous studies to answer questions that those studies alone would not have been able to answer,” Khatri said. “But by aggregating the data, we were able to find a signal across both studies and use that to discover something new.”
Learn more: Stanford scientists discover biomarker for flu susceptibility
The Latest on: Influenza
[google_news title=”” keyword=”influenza” num_posts=”10″ blurb_length=”0″ show_thumb=”left”]
via Google News
The Latest on: Influenza
- What’s Going Around: Scarlet fever, influenza, upper respiratory infections, stomach viruses, allergieson April 26, 2024 at 6:51 pm
Here’s our weekly round-up of what illnesses are spreading the most in Metro Detroit communities, according to our local doctors and hospitals.
- Can You Get Bird Flu From Eggs and Milk? Everything to Know About Avian Influenzaon April 26, 2024 at 12:12 pm
The FDA says 20% of retail milk samples have tested positive for bird flu “viral fragments.” We asked a virologist and bird veterinarian what that means for dairy consumers.
- FDA finds traces of H5N1 bird flu viruses in grocery store milk but says pasteurized dairy products are still safeon April 26, 2024 at 10:39 am
The US Food and Drug Administration said Tuesday that it had detected viral particles of H5N1 avian influenza in milk purchased at grocery stores, but the agency says it still believes that the milk ...
- Mayo Clinic virologist offers perspective on avian influenza outbreakon April 26, 2024 at 9:34 am
Health officials around the globe, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, are monitoring the ongoing avian influenza ...
- Nationals being mindful with Ruiz in his return from influenzaon April 25, 2024 at 5:47 pm
Sidelined for 13 team games, Keibert Ruiz wanted to get back behind the plate. The starting catcher was wiped out, though. At the beginning of the Nationals' three-city West Coast road trip, Ruiz came ...
- Flu shot fatigue: influenza vaccination rates in R.I. continue to fall post-pandemicon April 25, 2024 at 2:30 am
Chalk it up to shot sickness, or maybe just an inflated sense of immunity. Either way, fewer Rhode Island adults rolled up their sleeves for a flu shot this year, though the state remains a national ...
- USDA tries to find how H5N1 avian influenza spread to dairy cowson April 24, 2024 at 4:20 am
Dairy cattle transported from Texas have been implicated in the spread of the H5N1, or bird flu, virus found in at least four of the seven states outside of Texas that have reported infections, ...
- Influenza is considered the biggest pandemic threaton April 23, 2024 at 9:30 am
Influenza is viewed by infectious disease specialists as the pathogen with the highest pandemic potential, according to findings unveiled at a major global congress in Barcelona.
- Is There a Vaccine for H5N1 Influenza?on April 22, 2024 at 2:31 pm
On the heels of a multi-state outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in dairy cows, experts told MedPage Today that a trio of H5N1 vaccines for humans has already been developed and ...
via Bing News