‘Maser’ source of microwave beams comes out of the cold

“A new type of electronic device”

Researchers have shown off a microwave-emitting version of the laser, called a maser, that works at room temperature.

Masers were invented before the laser, but have languished in obscurity because they required high magnetic fields and difficult cooling schemes.

A report in Nature outlines a far simpler version using a crystalline material and no cooling or magnets.

The resulting intense microwave beams could be used in applications ranging from medical diagnostics to astronomy.

Masers were borne of an idea first postulated by Albert Einstein: that in some materials, energy could be pumped in and concentrated into a beam of electromagnetic waves oscillating in synchrony.

The first maser – an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation – was built in 1953, and later masers were used, for example, in the first transatlantic television broadcast.

But researchers carried the work on, coaxing materials to amplify visible light instead of microwaves, earning three of them the 1964 Nobel prize in physics.

These “lasers” reached complete ubiquity as simple designs for them were perfected and applications for them proliferated.

However, the relative complexity of masers has relegated them to niche applications.

Masers remain in use – in a form much like those of the early prototypes – in applications such as atomic clocks and as the amplifiers for the minuscule communication signals coming from space probes.

Now researchers at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and Imperial College London in the UK have completely revamped the way “masing” is done, by carrying it out in a crystal of material called p-terphenyl that is infiltrated by chains of five-sided molecules called pentacene.

Their radically new design uses yellow light from a commercially available medical laser to “pump” energy in, producing synchronised microwaves at room temperature and in air, with no need for strong magnets or complex cooling and vacuum schemes.

Mark Oxborrow of NPL, lead author of the paper, called the design “a new type of electronic device” whose applications may, like the laser itself, stretch far beyond those imaginable in these early days.

The key value of masers lies not in their ability to produce a useful beam as lasers do, but to carry out the amplification process in a particularly clean way, without adding much noise.