
“Repeat offender” virus families that may pose higher risk to humans include filoviruses like Ebola, seen in this image of the virus isolated from patient blood samples in Mali.
Image: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Scientists propose framework to ID likely viral threats to human health
Most of what scientists know about viruses in animals is the list of nucleotides that compose their genomic sequence – which, while valuable, offers very few hints about a virus’s ability to infect humans.
Rather than let the next outbreak take the world by surprise, two virologists say in a Science Perspective article published today (March 10, 2023) that the scientific community should invest in a four-part research framework to proactively identify animal viruses that might infect humans.
“A lot of financial investment has gone into sequencing viruses in nature and thinking that from sequence alone we’ll be able to predict the next pandemic virus. And I think that’s just a fallacy,” said Cody Warren, assistant professor of veterinary biosciences at The Ohio State University and co-lead author of the article.
“Experimental studies of animal viruses are going to be invaluable,” he said. “By measuring properties in them that are consistent with human infection, we can better identify those viruses that pose the greatest risk for zoonosis and then study them further. I think that’s a realistic way of looking at things that should also be considered.”
Warren co-authored the opinion piece with Sara Sawyer, professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology at the University of Colorado Boulder.
One key message Warren and Sawyer want to get across is that knowing an animal virus can attach to a human cell receptor doesn’t paint the whole picture of its zoonotic potential.
They propose a series of experiments to assess an animal virus’s potential to infect a human: If it is found to enter human cells, can it use those host cells to make copies of itself and multiply? After viral particles are produced, can they get past human innate immunity? And have human immune systems ever been exposed to another virus from the same family?
Answering these questions could enable scientists to put a pre-zoonotic candidate virus “on the shelf” for further research – perhaps developing a quick way to diagnose the virus in humans if an unattributable illness surfaces and testing existing antivirals as possible treatments, Warren said.
“Where it becomes difficult is that there may be many animal viruses out there with signatures of human compatibility,” he said. “So which ones do you pick and choose to prioritize for further study? That’s something that needs to be carefully considered.”
A decent starting point, he and Sawyer suggest, would be operating on the assumption that viruses with the most risk to humans come from “repeat offender” viral families currently infecting mammals and birds. Those include coronaviruses, orthomyxoviruses (influenza) and filoviruses (causing hemorrhagic diseases like Ebola and Marburg). In 2018, the Bombali virus – a new ebolavirus – was detected in bats in Sierra Leone, but its potential to infect humans remains unknown.
And then there are arteriviruses, such as the simian hemorrhagic fever virus that exists in wild African monkeys, which Sawyer and Warren recently determined has decent potential to spill over to humans because it can replicate in human cells and subvert immune cells’ ability to fight back.
The 2020 worldwide lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is still a fresh and painful memory, but Warren notes that the terrible outcomes of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 could have been much worse. The availability of vaccines within a year of that lockdown was possible only because scientists had spent decades studying coronaviruses and knew how to attack them.
“So if we invest in studying animal viruses early and understand their biology in more detail, then in the case that they were to emerge in humans later, we’d be better poised to combat them,” Warren said.
“We are continually going to be exposed to the viruses of animals. Things are never going to change if we stay on the same trajectory,” he said. “And if we stay complacent and only study those animal viruses after they jump into humans, we’re constantly going to be working backwards. We’ll always be behind.”
Original Article: Looking for risky viruses now to get ahead of future pandemics
More from: Ohio State University | University of Colorado Boulder
The Latest Updates from Bing News
Go deeper with Bing News on:
Zoonosis
- Jurnalis Tribun Manado Jadi Pemenang Terbaik Tulisan Zoonosis, Tulisannya Kini Dijadikan Buku
Indri Panigoro jurnalis Tribun Manado dalam tulisannya mengangkat soal ancaman zoonosis di balik perdagangan dan konsumsi satwa liar di Minahasa ...
- Pemkab Garut Kerjasama dengan BBPK Ciloto Bangun Laboratorium Epidemiologi
Balai Besar Pelatihan Kesehatan (BBPK) Ciloto Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia bekerja sama dengan Pemerintah Kabupaten Garut akan mendirikan Laboratorium Lapangan Epidemiologi di Kabupaten Ga ...
- Desain spanduk hari zoonosis sedunia ilustrasi stok...
Lisensi bebas royalti memungkinkan Anda hanya membayar sekali untuk menggunakan gambar dan klip video berhak cipta dalam proyek pribadi dan komersial dalam proyek yang sedang berjalan tanpa memerlukan ...
- Korban Gigitan Hewan Rabies di Luwu Timur Per Oktober Sudah 673 Kasus, Pemkab Siapkan Desa Siaga
Dinas pertanian melaksanakan vaksinasi rabies hewan peliharaan di 22 desa, 11 Kecamatan di Luwu Timur pada Juni 2022. TRIBUNLUTIM.COM, MALILI - Kasus gigitan hewan rabies Januari-Oktober 2023 di Kabup ...
- Tim Koordinasi One Health Bali Diharapkan Respons Cepat Penanganan Zoonosis dan Potensi Wabah
Menurut Rentin, Konsep One health akan melaksanakan komunikasi, koordinasi dan kerjasama antar institusi dalam penanggulangan penyakit zoonosis. Kerjasama ini dapat terlaksana dengan pemahaman ...
Go deeper with Bing News on:
Animal viruses
- Adorable rescue kitten sparks huge RABIES scare that could put 7million Americans at risk after catching virus then scratching 10 and biting 10 people
Stanley, a five-week-old tuxedo kitten, tested positive for a rare form of rabies never before seen in Nebraska. Officials rushed to stop the spread that could potentially expose 7million people.
- Seneca Valley virus causes headaches for pork sector
A mild virus masquerading as a more serious disease caused frustration in the hog sector this summer, but it could have been much worse, Manitoba ...
- How viruses like herpes could be triggering Alzheimer’s – here’s how to protect yourself
For decades, the predominant focus of almost all Alzheimer’s research has been on two protein fragments, beta-amyloid and tau, which are found to accumulate in the brains of patients, triggering the ...
- Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, India contained after 6 infections
The virus has a very high lethality ranging from 40–75 percent ... of zoonotic spillovers due to shifting ecosystems because of the climate crisis forcing animals to shift their habitats. A zoonotic ...
- How do viruses get into cells? Their infection tactics determine whether they can jump species or set off a pandemic
Viruses recognize specific proteins or sugars on host cells and stick to them. Each virus gets only one shot at putting its genome inside a cell—if its entry machinery misfires, it risks becoming ...