Catching a big blue barrel floating on the ocean surface in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch from the German research vessel SONNE during expedition SO268/3 crossing the North Pacific Ocean from Vancouver to Singapore in summer, 2019.
Photo: Roman Kroke/UFZ
Current rates of plastic emissions globally may trigger effects that we will not be able to reverse, argues a new study by researchers from Sweden, Norway and Germany published on July 2nd in Science. According to the authors, plastic pollution is a global threat, and actions to drastically reduce emissions of plastic to the environment are ”the rational policy response”.
Plastic is found everywhere on the planet: from deserts and mountaintops to deep oceans and Arctic snow. As of 2016, estimates of global emissions of plastic to the world’s lakes, rivers and oceans ranged from 9 to 23 million metric tons per year, with a similar amount emitted onto land yearly. These estimates are expected to almost double by 2025 if business-as-usual scenarios apply.
“Plastic is deeply engrained in our society, and it leaks out into the environment everywhere, even in countries with good waste-handling infrastructure,” says Matthew MacLeod, Professor at Stockholm University and lead author of the study. He says that emissions are trending upward even though awareness about plastic pollution among scientists and the public has increased significantly in recent years.
That discrepancy is not surprising to Mine Tekman, a PhD candidate at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany and co-author of the study, because plastic pollution is not just an environmental issue but also a “political and economic” one. She believes that the solutions currently on offer, such as recycling and cleanup technologies, are not sufficient, and that we must tackle the problem at its root.
“The world promotes technological solutions for recycling and to remove plastic from the environment. As consumers, we believe that when we properly separate our plastic trash, all of it will magically be recycled. Technologically, recycling of plastic has many limitations, and countries that have good infrastructures have been exporting their plastic waste to countries with worse facilities. Reducing emissions requires drastic actions, like capping the production of virgin plastic to increase the value of recycled plastic, and banning export of plastic waste unless it is to a country with better recycling” says Tekman.
A poorly reversible pollutant of remote areas of the environment
Plastic accumulates in the environment when amounts emitted exceed those that are removed by cleanup initiatives and natural environmental processes, which occurs by a multi-step process known as weathering.
“Weathering of plastic happens because of many different processes, and we have come a long way in understanding them. But weathering is constantly changing the properties of plastic pollution, which opens new doors to more questions,” says Hans Peter Arp, researcher at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) and Professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) who has also co-authored the study. “Degradation is very slow and not effective in stopping accumulation, so exposure to weathered plastic will only increase,” says Arp. Plastic is therefore a “poorly reversible pollutant,” both because of its continuous emissions and environmental persistence.
Remote environments are particularly under threat as co-author Annika Jahnke, researcher at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) and Professor at the RWTH Aachen University explains: “In remote environments, plastic debris cannot be removed by cleanups, and weathering of large plastic items will inevitably result in the generation of large numbers of micro- and nanoplastic particles as well as leaching of chemicals that were intentionally added to the plastic and other chemicals that break off the plastic polymer backbone. So, plastic in the environment is a constantly moving target of increasing complexity and mobility. Where it accumulates and what effects it may cause are challenging or maybe even impossible to predict.”
A potential trigger of irreversible environmental damage
On top of the environmental damage that plastic pollution can cause on its own by entanglement of animals and toxic effects, it could also act in conjunction with other environmental stressors in remote areas to trigger wide-ranging or even global effects. The new study lays out a number of hypothetical examples of possible effects, including exacerbation of climate change because of disruption of the global carbon pump, and biodiversity loss in the ocean where plastic pollution acts as additional stressor to overfishing, ongoing habitat loss caused by changes in water temperatures, nutrient supply and chemical exposure.
Taken all together, the authors view the threat that plastic being emitted today may trigger global-scale, poorly reversible impacts in the future as “compelling motivation” for tailored actions to strongly reduce emissions.
“Right now, we are loading up the environment with increasing amounts of poorly reversible plastic pollution. So far, we don’t see widespread evidence of bad consequences, but if weathering plastic triggers a really bad effect we are not likely to be able to reverse it,” cautions MacLeod. “The cost of ignoring the accumulation of persistent plastic pollution in the environment could be enormous. The rational thing to do is to act as quickly as we can to reduce emissions of plastic to the environment.”
More information
The article “The global threat from plastic pollution” is published in Science (2021) and written by Matthew MacLeod, Hans Peter H. Arp, Mine B. Tekman and Annika Jahnke.
Original Article: Is global plastic pollution nearing an irreversible tipping point?
More from: Stockholm University | Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research | Norwegian University of Science and Technology | Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research | RWTH Aachen University
The Latest Updates from Bing News & Google News
Go deeper with Bing News on:
Global plastic pollution
- Single-use plastic carrier bags use down 20% since 10p charge
Single-use plastic bag use in England has fallen by 20% after a 10p charge was brought in last year, the government has said. The price was increased from the 5p charge introduced in 2015. The average ...
- The Problem with Plastic-Free July
The problems we’re facing aren’t going to be solved by forgoing plastic straws. Yes, every small action makes a difference; but these actions need to be a piece of a greater puzzle in which every ...
- The plastic pollution crisis
Plastics only began to be produced in large quantities following the second world war – but plastic pollution has since become one of the most serious threats humanity faces. By 2015, 60% of all ...
- Plastic Credit Exchange: PCX Markets launches first global platform to eliminate plastic pollution
Singapore-based PCX Markets has today launched the world's first online platform for purchasing certified plastic credits from multiple providers. The ...
- PCX Markets launches first global platform to eliminate plastic pollution
Singapore-based PCX Markets has today launched the world's first online platform for purchasing certified plastic credits from multiple providers.
Go deeper with Google Headlines on:
Global plastic pollution
Go deeper with Bing News on:
Irreversible environmental damage
- Deep-sea mining could wipe out 1 million species. We can’t let it cause irreversible damage
Deep-sea mining has been given the green light and could start as early as 2023. But it will seriously and irreversibly harm marine ecosystems.
- Ella Al-Shamahi Of BBC Earth’s Changing Planet On Saving Our Planet From Irreversible Change
With precious ecosystems in danger, the world is on the cusp of an evolutionary change. Recognising this transformation, BBC Earth has embarked on a visionary project to document our planet’s ...
- Break Free From Plastic
Despite the increasing scientific understanding of the irreversible damage plastic can cause to our environment and communities, plastic production is projected to dramatically increase in the ...
- Judge finds Morrison government erred in approving preliminary work on tailings dam in the Tarkine
Moshinsky said a decision in January by an environment department official representing Ley had not considered whether the works would cause serious or irreversible damage to the habitat of the ...
- How the absence of sunglasses can damage your eyes
Sunglasses are an essential summer item when it comes to protecting yourself from the dangers of the sun. Optometrists recommend purchasing glasses that claim to block at least 99 per cent of UV rays, ...