“The state-of-art way to perform DNN training is called progressive prune and train,” said Lin, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering in Rice’s Brown School of Engineering. “First, you train a dense, giant network, then remove parts that don’t look important — like pruning a tree. Then you retrain the pruned network to restore performance because performance degrades after pruning. And in practice you need to prune and retrain many times to get good performance.”

Pruning is possible because only a fraction of the artificial neurons in the network can potentially do the job for a specialized task. Training strengthens connections between necessary neurons and reveals which ones can be pruned away. Pruning reduces model size and computational cost, making it more affordable to deploy fully trained DNNs, especially on small devices with limited memory and processing capability.

“The first step, training the dense, giant network, is the most expensive,” Lin said. “Our idea in this work is to identify the final, fully functional pruned network, which we call the ‘early-bird ticket,’ in the beginning stage of this costly first step.”

By looking for key network connectivity patterns early in training, Lin and colleagues were able to both discover the existence of early-bird tickets and use them to streamline DNN training. In experiments on various benchmarking data sets and DNN models, Lin and colleagues found Early Bird could emerge as little as one-tenth or less of the way through the initial phase of training.

“Our method can automatically identify early-bird tickets within the first 10% or less of the training of the dense, giant networks,” Lin said. “This means you can train a DNN to achieve the same or even better accuracy for a given task in about 10% or less of the time needed for traditional training, which can lead to more than one order savings in both computation and energy.”

Developing techniques to make AI greener is the main focus of Lin’s group. Environmental concerns are the primary motivation, but Lin said there are multiple benefits.

“Our goal is to make AI both more environmentally friendly and more inclusive,” she said. “The sheer size of complex AI problems has kept out smaller players. Green AI can open the door enabling researchers with a laptop or limited computational resources to explore AI innovations.”