Sound Waves Levitate Cells (acoustic levitation) to Detect Stiffness Changes That Could Signal Disease

By isolating cells into a monolayer within a fluid via acoustic levitation, a group of Utah Valley University researchers created a new method to detect cell stiffness — enabling exploration of cell changes that occur during the metastasis of cancer or other diseases.

Utah Valley University physicists are literally applying rocket science to the field of medical diagnostics. With a few key changes, the researchers used a noninvasive ultrasonic technique originally developed to detect microscopic flaws in solid fuel rockets, such as space shuttle boosters, to successfully detect cell stiffness changes associated with certain cancers and other diseases.

Brian Patchett, a research assistant and instructor within the Department of Physics at Utah Valley University, will describe the group’s method, which uses sound waves to manipulate and probe cells, during the Acoustical Society of America’s Fall 2015 Meeting, held Nov. 2-6, in Jacksonville, Fla.

The method combines a low-frequency ultrasonic wave to levitate the cells and confine them to a single layer within a fluid and a high-frequency ultrasonic wave to measure the cell’s stiffness.

“An acoustic wave is a pressure wave so it travels as a wave of high and low pressure. By trapping a sound wave between a transducer — such as a speaker — and a reflective surface, we can create a ‘standing wave’ in the space between,” explained Patchett. “This standing wave has stationary layers of high and low pressure, a.k.a. ‘anti-nodes,’ and areas, ‘the nodes’ where the pressure remains the same.”

This standing wave allowed the group to acoustically levitate the cells and isolate them in manner similar to their natural state — as they would be within human tissue or the bloodstream. Previous work in this realm relied on “growing the cell cultures in a Petri dish, which tends to deform the structure, as well as create all sorts of interference,” Patchett said.

The significance of the group’s work is that it focuses on an unexplored method of measuring the properties of cells and how they change during the process of cancer and disease development. “The stiffness of the cell is the primary change detected with our high-frequency ultrasound; it reveals detailed information about the internal structure of the cell and how it changes in certain diseases,” Patchett said.

The group’s method can also help distinguish between different types of cancer — such as aggressive breast cancer vs. less aggressive forms. “By isolating the cells in a monolayer of fluid via acoustic levitation, we’re providing a better method for the detection of cell stiffness,” Patchett said. “This method can be used to explore the aspect of cells that changes during Alzheimer’s disease, the metastasis of cancer, or during the onset of autoimmune responses to better understand these conditions and provide insight into possible treatment methods.”

Read more: Sound Waves Levitate Cells to Detect Stiffness Changes That Could Signal Disease