Not-weak knots bolster carbon fiber

A knotted carbon fiber made at Rice University has the same tensile strength along its entire length. That property may make it suitable for advanced fabrics. (Credit: Tour Group/Rice University)

New material created at Rice University with graphene oxide flakes

Large flakes of graphene oxide are the essential ingredient in a new recipe for robust carbon fiber created at Rice University.

The fiber spun at Rice is unique for the strength of its knots. Most fibers are most likely to snap under tension at the knot, but Rice’s fiber demonstrates what the researchers refer to as “100 percent knot efficiency,” where the fiber is as likely to break anywhere along its length as at the knot.

The material could be used to increase the strength of many products that use carbon fiber, like composites for strong, light aircraft or fabrics for bulletproof apparel, according to the researchers.

“To see this is very strange,” Tour said. “The knot is as strong as any other part of the fiber. That never happens in a carbon fiber or polymer fibers.”

Credit goes to the unique properties of graphene oxide flakes created in an environmentally friendly process patented by Rice a few years ago. The flakes that are chemically extracted from graphite seem small. They have an average diameter of 22 microns, a quarter the width of an average human hair. But they’re massive compared with the petroleum-based pitch used in current carbon fiber. “The pitch particles are two nanometers in size, which makes our flakes about ten thousand times larger,” said Rice graduate student Changsheng Xiang, lead author of the new paper.

Like with pitch, the weak van der Waals forceholds the graphene flakes together. Unlike pitch, the atom-thick flakes have an enormous surface area and cling to each other like the scales on a fish when pulled into a fiber. The wet-spinning process is similar to one recently used to createhighly conductive fibers made of nanotubes, but in this case Xiang just used water as the solvent rather than a super acid.

Bendability at the knot is due to the fiber’s bending modulus, which is a measure of its flexibility, Xiang said. “Because graphene oxide has very low bending modulus, it thinks there’s no knot there,” he said.

Tour said industrial carbon fibers — a source of steel-like strength in ultralight materials ranging from baseball bats to bicycles to bombers — haven’t improved much in decades because the chemistry involved is approaching its limits. But the new carbon fibers spun at room temperature at Rice already show impressive tensile strength and modulus and have the potential to be even stronger when annealed at higher temperatures.

Heating the fibers to about 2,100 degrees Celsius, the industry standard for making carbon fiber, will likely eliminate the knotting strength, Xiang said, but should greatly improve the material’s tensile strength, which will be good for making novel composite materials.

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